Communication Skill In English (PGD-PPT-III)


CHAPTER - 01 

(UNDERSTANDING OF PARTS OF SPEECH AND TENSES)

Communication is the comfort of connection.🔥🔥

(PARTS OF SPEECH )

Parts of speech are categories of words that define their roles in sentences. 
  • They are the building blocks of English grammar
  • Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn
  • It is a foundation to improve your writing.
The Eight Parts of Speech are listed below-
  • Nouns 
  • Pronouns 
  • Verbs 
  • Adjective
  • Adverbs
  • Conjunctions 
  • Prepositions 
  • Interjections

NOUN

Nouns is the name of any person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer.

TYPES OF NOUN

  • Proper Noun
  • Common Nouns
  • Concrete Nouns
  • Abstract Nouns
  • Countable Nouns
  • Uncountable Nouns
Proper Noun- Specific names of people, places, or organizations 
      • Examples- Paris, John
Common Noun- General names
      • Examples- city, man
Concrete Noun- Things that can be perceived by the senses
      • Examples- book, apple
Abstract Noun- Ideas or concepts
      • Examples- freedom, love
Countable Noun- Things you can count
      • Examples- cats, bottles
Uncountable Noun- Things you can count
      • Examples- water, music

PRONOUN

A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • The construction workers are building the office, They are making good progress.

TYPES OF PRONOUN

  • Personal Pronoun
  • Possessive Pronouns
  • Reflexive Pronouns
  • Relative Pronouns
  • Demonstrative Pronouns
Personal Pronoun- Refer to specific people or things
  • Examples- he, she, they
Possessive Pronoun- Show ownership
  • Examples- my, his, their
Reflexive Pronoun- Refer back to the subject
  • Examples- myself, hemselves
Relative Pronoun- Introduce clauses
  • Examples- who, which
Demonstrative Pronoun- Point out specific things
  • Examples- this, those

VERB

Verbs express actions or states of being..
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • Jennifer walked to the store.

TYPES OF VERB
  • Action Verb
  • Linking Verb
  • Transitive Verb
  • Intransitive Verb
  • Auxiliary (Helping) Verb
  • Modal Verbs
Action Verb- Show physical or mental actions 
  • Examples- run, think
Linking Verb- Connect the subject to a description
  • Examples- am, seem
Transitive Verb- Require a direct object
  • Examples- She wrote a letter.
Intransitive Verb- Do not require a direct object
  • Examples- She laughed.
Auxiliary (Helping) Verb- Help the main verb.
  • Examples- has, is

ADJECTIVE

A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun..
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • I have eight apples.
    • I bought a red dress for the wedding.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVE
  • Descriptive Adjectives
  • Quantitative Adjectives
  • Demonstrative Adjectives
  • Possessive Adjectives
  • Interrogative Adjectives:
  • Comparative Adjectives: 
  • Superlative Adjectives
Descriptive Adjective- Describe qualities
  • Examples- blue, fast
Quantitative Adjective- Indicate quantity
  • Examples- some, many
Demonstrative Adjective- Point out specific nouns
  • Examples- this, those
Possessive Adjective- Show ownership
  • Examples- my, her
Interrogative Adjective- Ask questions
  • Examples- which, what
Comparative Adjective- Compare two things
  • Examples- bigger
SuperlativeAdjective- Compare more than two things
  • Examples- biggest

ADVERB

A word or phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb or an entire sentence.
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • Don't drive fast (The fast is an adverb because it's modifying the verb drive)
To find the Adverb in sentence, following questions should be ask-

TYPES OF ADJECTIVE
  • Adverbs of Manner
  • Adverbs of Time
  • Adverbs of Place
  • Adverbs of Frequency
  • Adverbs of Degree
Adverb of Time- Indicate when something happens
  • Examples- yesterday, soon
Adverb of Place- Show where something happens
  • Examples- here, there
Adverb of Frequency- Tell how often something happens
  • Examples- Always, Never
Adverb of Degree- Show the intensity of an action
  • Examples- Very, Extremely

PREPOSITION

A  word or group of words that connects nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    • They will meet in the lunchroom.
    • The plane flew above the clouds.

TYPES OF PREPOSITION
  • Prepositions of Time
  • Prepositions of Place
  • Prepositions of Direction
Prepositions of Time-  Indicate time
  • Examples- at, on, before
Prepositions of Place-  Indicate location
  • Examples- in, under
Prepositions of Direction-  Indicate movement
  • Examples- into, to, through

CONJUNCTION

A word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    •  I'd like pizza or a salad for lunch.


TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
  • Coordinating Conjunctions
  • Subordinating Conjunctions
  • Correlative Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions- Connect equal parts
  • Examples- and, but, or
Subordinating Conjunctions- Connect dependent clauses to independent ones.
  • Examples- because, although
Correlative Conjunctions- Work in pairs to connect ideas
  • Examples- either/or, neither/nor

INTERJECTION

These are words or phrases that express strong emotions such as surprise, pain, pleasure, etc.
Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
    •  Hurray ! We won the match.
    • Oh my God ! That was unexpected.

TYPES OF INTERJECTION
  • Mild Interjections
  • Strong Interjections
Mild Interjections- Express mild emotions
  • Examples- oh, well
Strong Interjections- Express strong emotions, often followed by exclamation marks
  • Examples- Wow!, Ouch!

BASICS OF TENSES

  • A tense is a grammatical concept that indicates the time at which an action or state occurs.
  • Tense allows speakers and writers to express whether something happened in the past, is happening now, or will happen in the future.
  • The system of tense in English can be divided into three main categories: 
      • Present
      • Past
      • Future. 
  • Each of these categories has four aspects 
      • Simple
      • Continuous
      • Perfect
      • Perfect Continuous

  1. Present Tense- The present tense describes actions that are happening right now or things that are generally true.
    1. Simple Present- 
      • Use: To talk about habits, routines, facts, or things that are generally true.
      • Structure: Subject + base verb (for I, you, we, they) / subject + verb + "s" (for he, she, it). 
      • Example: 
        • I read books every day..
        • She plays the piano.
    2. Present Continuous (Progressive)-
      • Use: To describe actions happening right now or events that are temporary. 
      • Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing. 
      • Example: "
        • I am reading a book right now.
        • She is playing the piano.
    3. Present Perfect-
      • Use: To talk about actions that have happened at an unspecified time before now. It connects the past with the present. 
      • Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb. 
      • Example: 
        • I have read that book.
        • She has played the piano for many years.
    4. Present Perfect Continuous-
      • Use: To describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing or were recently completed. 
      • Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing. 
      • Example: 
        • I have been reading for two hours.
        • She has been playing the piano since morning.
  2. Past Tense- The past tense talks about things that happened before the present moment.
    1. Simple Past-
      • Use: To describe actions that happened and finished at a specific time in the past. 
      • Structure: Subject + past form of the verb. 
      • Example: 
        • I read a book yesterday.
        • She played the piano last night.
    2. Past Continuous (Progressive)-
      • Use: To describe actions that were happening at a particular point in the past or actions that were interrupted. 
      • Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + -ing. 
      • Example: 
        • I was reading a book when she called.
        • She was playing the piano at 8 PM.
    3. Past Perfect-
      • Use: To talk about actions that were completed before another action in the past. 
      • Structure: Subject + had + past participle of the verb. 
      • Example: 
        • I had finished my homework before I went out.
        • She had played the piano before the concert started.
    4. Past Perfect Continuous-
      • Use: To describe actions that were ongoing in the past before another event happened. It emphasizes the duration of an activity. 
      • Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + -ing. 
      • Example: 
        • I had been reading for two hours when she called.
        • She had been playing the piano before the concert started.
  3. Future Tense- The future tense is used to describe actions that will happen later. moment.
    1. Simple Future-
      • Use: To talk about actions that will happen in the future.
      • Structure: Subject + will + base verb.
      • Example: 
        • I will read a book tomorrow.
        • She will play the piano next week.
    2. Future Continuous (Progressive) -
      • Use: To describe actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future. 
      • Structure: Subject + will be + verb + -ing. 
      • Example:  
        • I will be reading a book at 8 PM tomorrow.
        • She will be playing the piano at the concert.
    3. Future Perfect-
      • Use: To describe actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future. 
      • Structure: Subject + will have + past participle of the verb. 
      • Example:  
        • I will have finished my homework by 8 PM.
        • She will have played the piano for an hour by the time the concert starts.
    4. Future Perfect Continuous-
      • Use: To describe actions that will have been ongoing until a specific point in the future, emphasizing duration. 
      • Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + -ing. 
      • Example: 
        • I will have been reading for two hours by the time she arrives.
        • She will have been playing the piano for 30 minutes by the time the concert starts.

Tense

Usage

Structure

Example

Present Simple

General truths, habits, routines

Subject + base verb (or verb + "s")

She reads books every day.

Present Continuous

Ongoing actions or temporary situations

Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing

She is reading a book now.

Present Perfect

Actions completed at an unspecified time, linked to now

Subject + have/has + past participle

She has read that book.

Present Perfect Continuous

Ongoing actions that started in the past and continue

Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing

She has been reading for an hour.

Past Simple

Completed actions at a specific time in the past

Subject + past form of verb

She read a book yesterday.

Past Continuous

Actions that were ongoing in the past

Subject + was/were + verb + -ing

She was reading a book at 8 PM.

Past Perfect

Actions completed before another action in the past

Subject + had + past participle

She had read the book before lunch.

Past Perfect Continuous

Ongoing actions before another past event

Subject + had + been + verb + -ing

She had been reading for an hour.

Future Simple

Actions that will happen in the future

Subject + will + base verb

She will read a book tomorrow.

Future Continuous

Actions that will be ongoing at a specific future time

Subject + will be + verb + -ing

She will be reading at 8 PM.

Future Perfect

Actions completed before a specific time in the future

Subject + will have + past participle

She will have read the book by 10 PM.

Future Perfect Continuous

Ongoing actions until a future point

Subject + will have been + verb + -ing

She will have been reading for an hour by then.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Identifying Parts of Speech-

  1. Identify the parts of speech of each word in this sentence-
      • The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
      • Answer-
          • The – Article (Determiner) 
          • quick – Adjective 
          • brown – Adjective 
          • fox – Noun 
          • jumps – Verb 
          • over – Preposition 
          • the – Article (Determiner) 
          • lazy – Adjective 
          • dog – Noun
  2. Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
      • She runs very fast every morning.
      • Answer- 
        • Runs – Verb (in present simple tense)
  3. Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
      •  He is an excellent musician.
      • Answer- 
        • Excellent – Adjective
  4. Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
      •  They walked slowly through the park..
      • Answer- 
        • Slowly – Adverb
  5. Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
      •  I can finish this work before you leave..
      • Answer- 
        • Before – Conjunction (connecting two clauses)

Identifying Tenses-

  1. Identify the in this sentence-
    • She has lived in Paris for three years.
    • Answer-Present Perfect
      • Explanation – This tense is used to talk about an action that started in the past and is still relevant in the present
  2. Identify the in this sentence-
    • They were playing football when it started to rain.
    • Answer-Past Continuous
      • Explanation – This tense describes an action that was ongoing in the past (playing football) when another action (it started to rain) occurred.
  3. Identify the in this sentence-
    • I will have completed my project by tomorrow.
    • Answer-Future Perfect
      • Explanation –  This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future.
  4. Identify the in this sentence-
    • He had been studying for hours before he finally took a break.
    • Answer-Past Perfect Continuous
      • Explanation –  This tense is used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past before another past action.
  5. Identify the in this sentence-
    • The children play in the park every weekend.
    • Answer-Present Simple
      • Explanation – This tense is used for habits, routines, and actions that are generally true.

CHAPTER - 02 

(UNDERSTANDING OF THE VISUAL CHARTS)

Understanding visual charts in communication, especially in English, is an essential skill for conveying information clearly and effectively.
  • They are used to represent data, ideas, and concepts in a way that is easy to understand.
  • They help to simplify complex information, making it more accessible to a broader audience.

Importance of Visual Chart in Communication-
    Visual charts play a crucial role in simplifying and enhancing communication, especially when dealing with large amounts of data. They help in:
  • Clarity: Complex ideas or statistics are often more comprehensible when presented visually.
  • Engagement: People are more likely to engage with and retain information presented in visual formats.
  • Comparison: Charts allow for easy comparison of different sets of data or ideas.
  • Persuasion: A well-designed chart can make an argument more compelling by providing clear, visual evidence.

TYPES OF VISUAL CHARTS

  • Bar Chart 
  • Pie Chart
  • Line Graph
  • Scatter Plot
  • Flow Chart
  • Venn Diagram
  • Histogram
Bar Chart- 
  • A bar chart uses rectangular bars to represent data. 
  • The length or height of the bar corresponds to the value it represents.
  • Purpose-
      • Bar charts are useful for comparing quantities across different categories.
  • Example-
      • Comparing the sales of different products.
Pie Chart- 
  • A pie chart divides a circle into segments, with each segment representing a part of the whole.
  • Purpose-
    • Pie charts are helpful for showing proportions or percentages.
  • Example-
    • Showing the percentage of market share held by different companies.
Line Chart- 
  • A line graph uses points connected by straight lines to show how data changes over time.
  • Purpose-
    • Line graphs are particularly useful for showing trends and changes over time.
  • Example-
    • Showing temperature changes over a week or stock market trends over a month.
Scatter Plot- 
  • A scatter plot uses dots to represent individual data points on a two-dimensional plane.
  • Purpose-
    • Scatter plots are often used to show relationships between two variables
  • Example-
    • Showing the relationship between advertising spending and sales revenue.
Flow Chart- 
  • A flowchart is a diagram that represents a process, showing the steps in a sequence. 
  • Purpose-
    • Flowcharts are used for illustrating processes, workflows, or decision-making procedures.
  • Example-
    • Describing the steps in a hiring process.
Venn Diagram- 
  • A Venn diagram uses overlapping circles to show relationships between different sets.
  • Purpose-
    • It helps to show how different categories share common attributes.
  • Example-
    • Showing the overlap between different customer demographics.
Histogram- 
  • A histogram looks similar to a bar chart but is used to represent the frequency distribution of a set of continuous data.  
  • Purpose-
    • Histograms help in understanding the distribution of data.
  • Example-
    • Showing the distribution of ages in a population survey.






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