CHAPTER - 01
(UNDERSTANDING OF PARTS OF SPEECH AND TENSES)
Communication is the comfort of connection.🔥🔥
(PARTS OF SPEECH )
- They are the building blocks of English grammar
- Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn
- It is a foundation to improve your writing.
- Nouns
- Pronouns
- Verbs
- Adjective
- Adverbs
- Conjunctions
- Prepositions
- Interjections
NOUN
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer.
TYPES OF NOUN
- Proper Noun
- Common Nouns
- Concrete Nouns
- Abstract Nouns
- Countable Nouns
- Uncountable Nouns
- Examples- Paris, John
- Examples- city, man
- Examples- book, apple
- Examples- freedom, love
- Examples- cats, bottles
- Examples- water, music
PRONOUN
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- The construction workers are building the office, They are making good progress.
TYPES OF PRONOUN
- Personal Pronoun
- Possessive Pronouns
- Reflexive Pronouns
- Relative Pronouns
- Demonstrative Pronouns
- Examples- he, she, they
- Examples- my, his, their
- Examples- myself, hemselves
- Examples- who, which
- Examples- this, those
VERB
- Action Verb
- Linking Verb
- Transitive Verb
- Intransitive Verb
- Auxiliary (Helping) Verb
- Modal Verbs
- Examples- run, think
- Examples- am, seem
- Examples- She wrote a letter.
- Examples- She laughed.
- Examples- has, is
ADJECTIVE
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- I have eight apples.
- I bought a red dress for the wedding.
- Descriptive Adjectives
- Quantitative Adjectives
- Demonstrative Adjectives
- Possessive Adjectives
- Interrogative Adjectives:
- Comparative Adjectives:
- Superlative Adjectives
- Examples- blue, fast
- Examples- some, many
- Examples- this, those
- Examples- my, her
- Examples- which, what
- Examples- bigger
- Examples- biggest
ADVERB
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- Don't drive fast (The fast is an adverb because it's modifying the verb drive)
- Adverbs of Manner
- Adverbs of Time
- Adverbs of Place
- Adverbs of Frequency
- Adverbs of Degree
- Examples- yesterday, soon
- Examples- here, there
- Examples- Always, Never
- Examples- Very, Extremely
PREPOSITION
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- They will meet in the lunchroom.
- The plane flew above the clouds.
- Prepositions of Time
- Prepositions of Place
- Prepositions of Direction
- Examples- at, on, before
- Examples- in, under
- Examples- into, to, through
CONJUNCTION
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- I'd like pizza or a salad for lunch.
- Coordinating Conjunctions
- Subordinating Conjunctions
- Correlative Conjunctions
- Examples- and, but, or
- Examples- because, although
- Examples- either/or, neither/nor
INTERJECTION
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-
- Hurray ! We won the match.
- Oh my God ! That was unexpected.
- Mild Interjections
- Strong Interjections
- Examples- oh, well
- Examples- Wow!, Ouch!
BASICS OF TENSES
- A tense is a grammatical concept that indicates the time at which an action or state occurs.
- Tense allows speakers and writers to express whether something happened in the past, is happening now, or will happen in the future.
- The system of tense in English can be divided into three main categories:
- Present
- Past
- Future.
- Each of these categories has four aspects
- Simple
- Continuous
- Perfect
- Perfect Continuous
- Present Tense- The present tense describes actions that are happening right now or things that are generally true.
- Simple Present-
- Use: To talk about habits, routines, facts, or things that are generally true.
- Structure: Subject + base verb (for I, you, we, they) / subject + verb + "s" (for he, she, it).
- Example:
- I read books every day..
- She plays the piano.
- Present Continuous (Progressive)-
- Use: To describe actions happening right now or events that are temporary.
- Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.
- Example: "
- I am reading a book right now.
- She is playing the piano.
- Present Perfect-
- Use: To talk about actions that have happened at an unspecified time before now. It connects the past with the present.
- Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb.
- Example:
- I have read that book.
- She has played the piano for many years.
- Present Perfect Continuous-
- Use: To describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing or were recently completed.
- Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing.
- Example:
- I have been reading for two hours.
- She has been playing the piano since morning.
- Past Tense- The past tense talks about things that happened before the present moment.
- Simple Past-
- Use: To describe actions that happened and finished at a specific time in the past.
- Structure: Subject + past form of the verb.
- Example:
- I read a book yesterday.
- She played the piano last night.
- Past Continuous (Progressive)-
- Use: To describe actions that were happening at a particular point in the past or actions that were interrupted.
- Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + -ing.
- Example:
- I was reading a book when she called.
- She was playing the piano at 8 PM.
- Past Perfect-
- Use: To talk about actions that were completed before another action in the past.
- Structure: Subject + had + past participle of the verb.
- Example:
- I had finished my homework before I went out.
- She had played the piano before the concert started.
- Past Perfect Continuous-
- Use: To describe actions that were ongoing in the past before another event happened. It emphasizes the duration of an activity.
- Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + -ing.
- Example:
- I had been reading for two hours when she called.
- She had been playing the piano before the concert started.
- Future Tense- The future tense is used to describe actions that will happen later. moment.
- Simple Future-
- Use: To talk about actions that will happen in the future.
- Structure: Subject + will + base verb.
- Example:
- I will read a book tomorrow.
- She will play the piano next week.
- Future Continuous (Progressive) -
- Use: To describe actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future.
- Structure: Subject + will be + verb + -ing.
- Example:
- I will be reading a book at 8 PM tomorrow.
- She will be playing the piano at the concert.
- Future Perfect-
- Use: To describe actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
- Structure: Subject + will have + past participle of the verb.
- Example:
- I will have finished my homework by 8 PM.
- She will have played the piano for an hour by the time the concert starts.
- Future Perfect Continuous-
- Use: To describe actions that will have been ongoing until a specific point in the future, emphasizing duration.
- Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + -ing.
- Example:
- I will have been reading for two hours by the time she arrives.
- She will have been playing the piano for 30 minutes by the time the concert starts.
Tense | Usage | Structure | Example |
Present Simple | General truths, habits, routines | Subject + base verb (or verb + "s") | She reads books every day. |
Present Continuous | Ongoing actions or temporary situations | Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing | She is reading a book now. |
Present Perfect | Actions completed at an unspecified time, linked to now | Subject + have/has + past participle | She has read that book. |
Present Perfect Continuous | Ongoing actions that started in the past and continue | Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing | She has been reading for an hour. |
Past Simple | Completed actions at a specific time in the past | Subject + past form of verb | She read a book yesterday. |
Past Continuous | Actions that were ongoing in the past | Subject + was/were + verb + -ing | She was reading a book at 8 PM. |
Past Perfect | Actions completed before another action in the past | Subject + had + past participle | She had read the book before lunch. |
Past Perfect Continuous | Ongoing actions before another past event | Subject + had + been + verb + -ing | She had been reading for an hour. |
Future Simple | Actions that will happen in the future | Subject + will + base verb | She will read a book tomorrow. |
Future Continuous | Actions that will be ongoing at a specific future time | Subject + will be + verb + -ing | She will be reading at 8 PM. |
Future Perfect | Actions completed before a specific time in the future | Subject + will have + past participle | She will have read the book by 10 PM. |
Future Perfect Continuous | Ongoing actions until a future point | Subject + will have been + verb + -ing | She will have been reading for an hour by then. |
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Identifying Parts of Speech-
- Identify the parts of speech of each word in this sentence-
- The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
- Answer-
- The – Article (Determiner)
- quick – Adjective
- brown – Adjective
- fox – Noun
- jumps – Verb
- over – Preposition
- the – Article (Determiner)
- lazy – Adjective
- dog – Noun
- Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
- She runs very fast every morning.
- Answer-
- Runs – Verb (in present simple tense)
- Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
- He is an excellent musician.
- Answer-
- Excellent – Adjective
- Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
- They walked slowly through the park..
- Answer-
- Slowly – Adverb
- Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-
- I can finish this work before you leave..
- Answer-
- Before – Conjunction (connecting two clauses)
Identifying Tenses-
- Identify the in this sentence-
- She has lived in Paris for three years.
- Answer-Present Perfect
- Explanation – This tense is used to talk about an action that started in the past and is still relevant in the present
- Identify the in this sentence-
- They were playing football when it started to rain.
- Answer-Past Continuous
- Explanation – This tense describes an action that was ongoing in the past (playing football) when another action (it started to rain) occurred.
- Identify the in this sentence-
- I will have completed my project by tomorrow.
- Answer-Future Perfect
- Explanation – This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future.
- Identify the in this sentence-
- He had been studying for hours before he finally took a break.
- Answer-Past Perfect Continuous
- Explanation – This tense is used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past before another past action.
- Identify the in this sentence-
- The children play in the park every weekend.
- Answer-Present Simple
- Explanation – This tense is used for habits, routines, and actions that are generally true.
CHAPTER - 02
(UNDERSTANDING OF THE VISUAL CHARTS)
- They are used to represent data, ideas, and concepts in a way that is easy to understand.
- They help to simplify complex information, making it more accessible to a broader audience.
- Clarity: Complex ideas or statistics are often more comprehensible when presented visually.
- Engagement: People are more likely to engage with and retain information presented in visual formats.
- Comparison: Charts allow for easy comparison of different sets of data or ideas.
- Persuasion: A well-designed chart can make an argument more compelling by providing clear, visual evidence.
TYPES OF VISUAL CHARTS
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Line Graph
- Scatter Plot
- Flow Chart
- Venn Diagram
- Histogram
- A bar chart uses rectangular bars to represent data.
- The length or height of the bar corresponds to the value it represents.
- Purpose-
- Bar charts are useful for comparing quantities across different categories.
- Example-
- Comparing the sales of different products.
- A pie chart divides a circle into segments, with each segment representing a part of the whole.
- Purpose-
- Pie charts are helpful for showing proportions or percentages.
- Example-
- Showing the percentage of market share held by different companies.
- A line graph uses points connected by straight lines to show how data changes over time.
- Purpose-
- Line graphs are particularly useful for showing trends and changes over time.
- Example-
- Showing temperature changes over a week or stock market trends over a month.
- A scatter plot uses dots to represent individual data points on a two-dimensional plane.
- Purpose-
- Scatter plots are often used to show relationships between two variables
- Example-
- Showing the relationship between advertising spending and sales revenue.
- A flowchart is a diagram that represents a process, showing the steps in a sequence.
- Purpose-
- Flowcharts are used for illustrating processes, workflows, or decision-making procedures.
- Example-
- Describing the steps in a hiring process.
- A Venn diagram uses overlapping circles to show relationships between different sets.
- Purpose-
- It helps to show how different categories share common attributes.
- Example-
- Showing the overlap between different customer demographics.