CHAPTER - 01

(UNDERSTANDING OF PARTS OF SPEECH AND TENSES)

Communication is the comfort of connection.🔥🔥

(PARTS OF SPEECH )

Parts of speech are categories of words that define their roles in sentences.

They are the building blocks of English grammar
Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn
It is a foundation to improve your writing.

The Eight Parts of Speech are listed below-

Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjective
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Interjections

NOUN

Nouns is the name of any person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer.

TYPES OF NOUN

Proper Noun
Common Nouns
Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns

Proper Noun- Specific names of people, places, or organizations

Examples- Paris, John

Common Noun- General names

Examples- city, man

Concrete Noun- Things that can be perceived by the senses

Examples- book, apple

Abstract Noun- Ideas or concepts

Examples- freedom, love

Countable Noun- Things you can count

Examples- cats, bottles

Uncountable Noun- Things you can count

Examples- water, music

PRONOUN

A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

The construction workers are building the office, They are making good progress.

TYPES OF PRONOUN

Personal Pronoun
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns

Personal Pronoun- Refer to specific people or things

Examples- he, she, they

Possessive Pronoun- Show ownership

Examples- my, his, their

Reflexive Pronoun- Refer back to the subject

Examples- myself, hemselves

Relative Pronoun- Introduce clauses

Examples- who, which

Demonstrative Pronoun- Point out specific things

Examples- this, those

VERB

Verbs express actions or states of being..

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

Jennifer walked to the store.

TYPES OF VERB

Action Verb
Linking Verb
Transitive Verb
Intransitive Verb
Auxiliary (Helping) Verb
Modal Verbs

Action Verb- Show physical or mental actions

Examples- run, think

Linking Verb- Connect the subject to a description

Examples- am, seem

Transitive Verb- Require a direct object

Examples- She wrote a letter.

Intransitive Verb- Do not require a direct object

Examples- She laughed.

Auxiliary (Helping) Verb- Help the main verb.

Examples- has, is

ADJECTIVE

A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun..

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

I have eight apples.
I bought a red dress for the wedding.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVE

Descriptive Adjectives
Quantitative Adjectives
Demonstrative Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
Interrogative Adjectives:
Comparative Adjectives:
Superlative Adjectives

Descriptive Adjective- Describe qualities

Examples- blue, fast

Quantitative Adjective- Indicate quantity

Examples- some, many

Demonstrative Adjective- Point out specific nouns

Examples- this, those

Possessive Adjective- Show ownership

Examples- my, her

Interrogative Adjective- Ask questions

Examples- which, what

Comparative Adjective- Compare two things

Examples- bigger

SuperlativeAdjective- Compare more than two things

Examples- biggest

ADVERB

A word or phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb or an entire sentence.

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

Don't drive fast (The fast is an adverb because it's modifying the verb drive)

To find the Adverb in sentence, following questions should be ask-

TYPES OF ADJECTIVE

Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Degree

Adverb of Time- Indicate when something happens

Examples- yesterday, soon

Adverb of Place- Show where something happens

Examples- here, there

Adverb of Frequency- Tell how often something happens

Examples- Always, Never

Adverb of Degree- Show the intensity of an action

Examples- Very, Extremely

PREPOSITION

A word or group of words that connects nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

They will meet in the lunchroom.
The plane flew above the clouds.

TYPES OF PREPOSITION

Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Direction

Prepositions of Time- Indicate time

Examples- at, on, before

Prepositions of Place- Indicate location

Examples- in, under

Prepositions of Direction- Indicate movement

Examples- into, to, through

CONJUNCTION

A word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

I'd like pizza or a salad for lunch.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTION

Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions- Connect equal parts

Examples- and, but, or

Subordinating Conjunctions- Connect dependent clauses to independent ones.

Examples- because, although

Correlative Conjunctions- Work in pairs to connect ideas

Examples- either/or, neither/nor

INTERJECTION

These are words or phrases that express strong emotions such as surprise, pain, pleasure, etc.

Examples-
Indicated by underlined in this sentense-

Hurray ! We won the match.
Oh my God ! That was unexpected.

TYPES OF INTERJECTION

Mild Interjections
Strong Interjections

Mild Interjections- Express mild emotions

Examples- oh, well

Strong Interjections- Express strong emotions, often followed by exclamation marks

Examples- Wow!, Ouch!

BASICS OF TENSES

A tense is a grammatical concept that indicates the time at which an action or state occurs.
Tense allows speakers and writers to express whether something happened in the past, is happening now, or will happen in the future.
The system of tense in English can be divided into three main categories:

Present
Past
Future.

Each of these categories has four aspects

Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous

Present Tense- The present tense describes actions that are happening right now or things that are generally true.

Simple Present-

Use: To talk about habits, routines, facts, or things that are generally true.
Structure: Subject + base verb (for I, you, we, they) / subject + verb + "s" (for he, she, it).
Example:

I read books every day..
She plays the piano.

Present Continuous (Progressive)-

Use: To describe actions happening right now or events that are temporary.
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.
Example: "

I am reading a book right now.
She is playing the piano.

Present Perfect-

Use: To talk about actions that have happened at an unspecified time before now. It connects the past with the present.
Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb.
Example:

I have read that book.
She has played the piano for many years.

Present Perfect Continuous-

Use: To describe actions that started in the past and are still continuing or were recently completed.
Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing.
Example:

I have been reading for two hours.
She has been playing the piano since morning.

Past Tense- The past tense talks about things that happened before the present moment.

Simple Past-

Use: To describe actions that happened and finished at a specific time in the past.
Structure: Subject + past form of the verb.
Example:

I read a book yesterday.
She played the piano last night.

Past Continuous (Progressive)-

Use: To describe actions that were happening at a particular point in the past or actions that were interrupted.
Structure: Subject + was/were + verb + -ing.
Example:

I was reading a book when she called.
She was playing the piano at 8 PM.

Past Perfect-

Use: To talk about actions that were completed before another action in the past.
Structure: Subject + had + past participle of the verb.
Example:

I had finished my homework before I went out.
She had played the piano before the concert started.

Past Perfect Continuous-

Use: To describe actions that were ongoing in the past before another event happened. It emphasizes the duration of an activity.
Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + -ing.
Example:

I had been reading for two hours when she called.
She had been playing the piano before the concert started.

Future Tense- The future tense is used to describe actions that will happen later. moment.

Simple Future-

Use: To talk about actions that will happen in the future.
Structure: Subject + will + base verb.
Example:

I will read a book tomorrow.
She will play the piano next week.

Future Continuous (Progressive) -

Use: To describe actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future.
Structure: Subject + will be + verb + -ing.
Example:

I will be reading a book at 8 PM tomorrow.
She will be playing the piano at the concert.

Future Perfect-

Use: To describe actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.
Structure: Subject + will have + past participle of the verb.
Example:

I will have finished my homework by 8 PM.
She will have played the piano for an hour by the time the concert starts.

Future Perfect Continuous-

Use: To describe actions that will have been ongoing until a specific point in the future, emphasizing duration.
Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + -ing.
Example:

I will have been reading for two hours by the time she arrives.
She will have been playing the piano for 30 minutes by the time the concert starts.

Tense	Usage	Structure	Example
Present Simple	General truths, habits, routines	Subject + base verb (or verb + "s")	She reads books every day.
Present Continuous	Ongoing actions or temporary situations	Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing	She is reading a book now.
Present Perfect	Actions completed at an unspecified time, linked to now	Subject + have/has + past participle	She has read that book.
Present Perfect Continuous	Ongoing actions that started in the past and continue	Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing	She has been reading for an hour.
Past Simple	Completed actions at a specific time in the past	Subject + past form of verb	She read a book yesterday.
Past Continuous	Actions that were ongoing in the past	Subject + was/were + verb + -ing	She was reading a book at 8 PM.
Past Perfect	Actions completed before another action in the past	Subject + had + past participle	She had read the book before lunch.
Past Perfect Continuous	Ongoing actions before another past event	Subject + had + been + verb + -ing	She had been reading for an hour.
Future Simple	Actions that will happen in the future	Subject + will + base verb	She will read a book tomorrow.
Future Continuous	Actions that will be ongoing at a specific future time	Subject + will be + verb + -ing	She will be reading at 8 PM.
Future Perfect	Actions completed before a specific time in the future	Subject + will have + past participle	She will have read the book by 10 PM.
Future Perfect Continuous	Ongoing actions until a future point	Subject + will have been + verb + -ing	She will have been reading for an hour by then.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Identifying Parts of Speech-

Identify the parts of speech of each word in this sentence-

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Answer-

The – Article (Determiner)
quick – Adjective
brown – Adjective
fox – Noun
jumps – Verb
over – Preposition
the – Article (Determiner)
lazy – Adjective
dog – Noun

Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-

She runs very fast every morning.
Answer-

Runs – Verb (in present simple tense)

Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-

He is an excellent musician.
Answer-

Excellent – Adjective

Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-

They walked slowly through the park..
Answer-

Slowly – Adverb

Identify the parts of speech of underlined word-

I can finish this work before you leave..
Answer-

Before – Conjunction (connecting two clauses)

Identifying Tenses-

Identify the in this sentence-

She has lived in Paris for three years.
Answer-Present Perfect

Explanation – This tense is used to talk about an action that started in the past and is still relevant in the present

Identify the in this sentence-

They were playing football when it started to rain.
Answer-Past Continuous

Explanation – This tense describes an action that was ongoing in the past (playing football) when another action (it started to rain) occurred.

Identify the in this sentence-

I will have completed my project by tomorrow.
Answer-Future Perfect

Explanation – This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future.

Identify the in this sentence-

He had been studying for hours before he finally took a break.
Answer-Past Perfect Continuous

Explanation – This tense is used to describe an action that was ongoing in the past before another past action.

Identify the in this sentence-

The children play in the park every weekend.
Answer-Present Simple

Explanation – This tense is used for habits, routines, and actions that are generally true.

CHAPTER - 02

(UNDERSTANDING OF THE VISUAL CHARTS)

Understanding visual charts in communication, especially in English, is an essential skill for conveying information clearly and effectively.

They are used to represent data, ideas, and concepts in a way that is easy to understand.
They help to simplify complex information, making it more accessible to a broader audience.

Importance of Visual Chart in Communication-

Visual charts play a crucial role in simplifying and enhancing communication, especially when dealing with large amounts of data. They help in:

Clarity: Complex ideas or statistics are often more comprehensible when presented visually.
Engagement: People are more likely to engage with and retain information presented in visual formats.
Comparison: Charts allow for easy comparison of different sets of data or ideas.
Persuasion: A well-designed chart can make an argument more compelling by providing clear, visual evidence.

TYPES OF VISUAL CHARTS

Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Line Graph
Scatter Plot
Flow Chart
Venn Diagram
Histogram

Bar Chart-

A bar chart uses rectangular bars to represent data.
The length or height of the bar corresponds to the value it represents.
Purpose-

Bar charts are useful for comparing quantities across different categories.

Example-

Comparing the sales of different products.

Pie Chart-

A pie chart divides a circle into segments, with each segment representing a part of the whole.
Purpose-

Pie charts are helpful for showing proportions or percentages.

Example-

Showing the percentage of market share held by different companies.

Line Chart-

A line graph uses points connected by straight lines to show how data changes over time.
Purpose-

Line graphs are particularly useful for showing trends and changes over time.

Example-

Showing temperature changes over a week or stock market trends over a month.

Scatter Plot-

A scatter plot uses dots to represent individual data points on a two-dimensional plane.
Purpose-

Scatter plots are often used to show relationships between two variables

Example-

Showing the relationship between advertising spending and sales revenue.

Flow Chart-

A flowchart is a diagram that represents a process, showing the steps in a sequence.
Purpose-

Flowcharts are used for illustrating processes, workflows, or decision-making procedures.

Example-

Describing the steps in a hiring process.

Venn Diagram-

A Venn diagram uses overlapping circles to show relationships between different sets.
Purpose-

It helps to show how different categories share common attributes.

Example-

Showing the overlap between different customer demographics.

Histogram-

A histogram looks similar to a bar chart but is used to represent the frequency distribution of a set of continuous data.
Purpose-

Histograms help in understanding the distribution of data.

Example-

Showing the distribution of ages in a population survey.

Communication Skill In English (PGD-PPT-III)

CHAPTER - 01

(UNDERSTANDING OF PARTS OF SPEECH AND TENSES)

Communication is the comfort of connection.🔥🔥

(PARTS OF SPEECH )

NOUN

TYPES OF NOUN

PRONOUN

TYPES OF PRONOUN

VERB

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

PREPOSITION

CONJUNCTION

INTERJECTION

BASICS OF TENSES

PRACTICE EXERCISE

Identifying Parts of Speech-

Identifying Tenses-

CHAPTER - 02

(UNDERSTANDING OF THE VISUAL CHARTS)

TYPES OF VISUAL CHARTS

Plastic Materials & Its Applications- l (PGD-PPT-I)

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